LEGAL MATTERS-Hindu Succession Law

 Hindu Succession Law 

 Hindu Succession Law applies for division of wealth in case a person dies without a written WILL 

A proper Porbate  is the best way to make sure the wealth is passed on to different people as desired. 

If a will is written, then there is no confusion and the wealth is divided as per the WILL . However if a WILL is missing, then the wealth is divided as per Hindu succession Act 1956 laws for Hindu’s , Jain’s and Sikh’s. We have separate law for Muslims and Christians.  Also note that in this article mainly we are talking about the succession laws related to what happened after death of a MALE (not female) .

Concept of Legal Heirs under Hindu Succession Law

Legal heirs are well defined in the Hindu Succession Law. All the relations are categorised into two classes called class I and class II. The first right on wealth is of Class I heirs. Only if there is no one available in Class I, then relations under Class II can claim their rights. If Class I & Class II both are missing , in then there is something called Agnates and Cognates , but we will talk about it in sometime. For now lets understand Class I & Class II heirs under Hindu Succession Law

Class I relations 
Son/ Daughter
widow
mother
son/daughter of pre deceased son
son /daughter of pred deceased daughter
widow of predeceased son
son/daughter of a predeceased don of a pre deceased son
widow of a predeceased on of a predeceased so

Class II relations 
 Father
 Brother/Sister
son's daughter's son/daughter
sons daughter's daughter's sons
daughter's daughter's son /daughter
sibling son/daughter
father's parents
brother's widow
Father's sibling
Mother's parents
Mother's siblings

If Class I & Class II is missing ?

In the absence of heirs of Class I and Class II, the property is passed to the agnates and cognatesof the deceased in succession. Now, one person is said to be the agnate, if he/she is related by blood or adoption wholly through the males chain line. Similarly, one person is said to be the cognate of the other if the two of them are related by blood or adoption, but not totally through males, i.e. there has to be some intervention by a female ancestor somewhere. The first preference is given to Agnates and only if there is no Agnate, then the Cognates comes into picture . 

Note that if there are more than one Widow’s , then they get one share only and then divide it between themselves and a person immediate family will also be considered as one unit only.

Some Important Rules and Points

• A child in womb is treated as a separate child as if he/she was out in the world , He/she gets separate share in the property.
• No succession rights if the widow has remarried on the date of succession.
• If a person has killed the person from whom he was suppose to acquire the wealth and has been declared as murderer by law , then he looses his right of acquiring assets.
• If there is no heir qualified to succeed to his or her property in accordance with the provisions of this Act, such property shall go to the Government.

For Muslims , the succession laws are defined under The Shariat Act . Under that 50% of the property goes to the Widow irrespective of the number of other legal heirs (remember in case of Hindu Succession Law its equal share between Widow and children) and rest is shared in equal parts between children

Some Examples

Now based on the learning’s we had till now, lets see 6 examples and how the wealth will be divided in each of those cases. I have tried to take different scenario’s.

Example 1

Lets say X is dead without a will and he has 5 people in his family

  wife

 two sons

one daughter

father

In that case his wife, 2 son and 1 daughter will come under Class I , but his father will come under Class II , in that case all the 4 people under class I will get equal share in his wealth. So Wife will get 25% of the wealth, First son will get 25% , second son will get 25% and daughter will also get 25% of the wealth (married or unmarried) .

Example 2

Lets say Y was 60 yrs old. He dies in an accident and has no WILL . Suppose he has following people in his family

• Wife
• Widow of his dead son
• 2 Children of his Dead son

This is an interesting case , in this there are mainly 2 units . The first one is his Wife who will get 50% of his wealth and the next unit is the Widow and 2 son of his dead son who will equally get 50% of the wealth and legally, they all need to share it in equal amount . Note that this happens considering as if the son was alive, in which case he would have got 50% share and then his family chain would claim it from him. So understand that each family here would be 1 unit and all the members of that unit will again share it back between them with same principles.

Example 3 

Suppose X is dead without a WILL , but his family consists of

• A pregnant Wife
• Mother
• Brother

In this case , there are 3 entities in the Class I , those are Wife , Mother and the Child in the Womb, here 1/3rd wealth goes to Wife , 1/3rd goes to the unborn child and 1/3rd goes to Mother. Note that a child in the womb has same right as a born child.

Example 4 

Suppose X dies without a WILL and leaves behind

• Father
• Brother
• 2 children of his sister (sister is dead)

In this case, you can see that Class I has no member, all the members are from class II , in which case Father will get 1/3rd wealth, Brother will get 1/3rd part and his sister’s children will get 1/3rd and will divide it between them in equal parts.

Example 5 

X dies without a WILL , his family consists

• Mother
• Brother
• 2 Sister’s
• Widow of one of his dead Brother

Here you can see that only one person belong’s to class I (mother) and every one else is in Class II , hence 100% of the property goes to Mother (remember that Class II gets anything only if there is no one in class I)

Example 6

x is the head of the family and lives in a ancestral house in Y and has his personal savings in Bank FD and one flat in Z which he had bought from his own funds. Now X dies, but he was smart and he has written a WILL and written that everything goes to his Wife and no one else gets anything. Suppose his family has

• Wife
• Mother
• Brother
• Sister

Now what happens in this case ? In this case, his Bank FD and his flat in Z will 100% go to his Wife and no one else, However his ancestral house in Z will be divided equally between all the 4 members. This is because there was a flaw in the WILL . An ancestral property can not be passed on through a WILL . X  had made a mistake thinking that he can assign the flat in Y to anyone he wants . A person can only pass on his wealth through WILL if he has earned it , if you have acquired it from your older generation, then it will be claimed by all the legal heirs, and in this case it will be passed on to all the legal heirs of the family , so 25% to each member as they are all into Class I for X’s father

Hindu Succession Law in case of a Female death

Till now we saw all the rules which are applicable if a person in question was a dead male , but in case of a female some points are a little different.  The property of a female Hindu dying without WILL shall be distributed according to the rules set out as following –

1. Firstly, upon the sons and daughters (including the children of any pre-deceased son or daughter) and the husband;
2. Secondly, upon the heirs of the husband ;
3. Thirdly, upon the mother and father;
4. Fourthly, upon the heirs of the father; and
5. Lastly, upon the heirs of the mother .

Important Points in case of Women Property

• If the women has acquired any property from his Father or Mother, in that case the first right will be of the heirs of her father and not husband, in case of absence of his sons or daughters
• If the women has acquired any property from her Husband, in that case the first right will be of the heirs of her husband ,  in case of absence of his sons or daughters

An Example

Suppose x is a widow without any children dies without a WILL. She has acquired 1 flat in kochi from her Father’s, and has acquired one Flat in edapally from her Husband through a WILL, now suppose x has 3 people in family.

• Father in law
• Mother in law
• Brother in law

Now understand this case properly , As the person in question here is a Women, there will be distribution of her property like this-

The flat in edapally was acquired by her from her Father and as she also has no children, that flat in edapally will go to her Father’s legal heir. if x had a Sister Y, in that case Y would be the legal heir of her Father and she would get 100% of the flat in kochi. X’s Family would not be able to claim it legally.

However the Flat in edapally was acquired by X from her husband and in this case , her husband’s legal heir would be claiming it, which means X’s mother in law would get the absolute right on the Edapally Flat because only she comes under Class I (Father and Brother come under Class II for a Male) .

In case a will is missing and the legal heirs get into fight over the wealth , things can get ugly and the wealth might to to someone which you might not have wanted or imagined. Hence writing a WILL should be on a high priority list . 

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